Abstract
The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is one of the most intensively farmed regions in the world, with high reliance on synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizers. This has led to an increasing concern over nitrate contamination in groundwater—a serious environmental and public health issue. This article explores the mechanisms, extent, and impacts of nitrate pollution in groundwater caused by agricultural runoff in the IGP. We examine the spatial variability of nitrate concentrations, identify key contributing practices, and evaluate current mitigation efforts. Findings suggest that uncontrolled fertilizer application and poor irrigation practices significantly contribute to contamination, posing risks to drinking water safety.
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